Phrasebook

em Past tense 3   »   ad БлэкIыгъэ шъуашэр 3

83 [eighty-three]

Past tense 3

Past tense 3

83 [тIокIиплIырэ щырэ]

83 [tIokIiplIyrje shhyrje]

БлэкIыгъэ шъуашэр 3

BljekIygje shuashjer 3

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to make a call те-ефоным-I---у-ы-эн т___________ г______ т-л-ф-н-м-I- г-щ-I-н -------------------- телефонымкIэ гущыIэн 0
Bl----ygje -h---h--r-3 B_________ s________ 3 B-j-k-y-j- s-u-s-j-r 3 ---------------------- BljekIygje shuashjer 3
I made a call. С----л-фо-----э с-т-уагъ. С_ т___________ с________ С- т-л-ф-н-м-I- с-т-у-г-. ------------------------- Сэ телефонымкIэ сытеуагъ. 0
B------g-e--hu-s--e- 3 B_________ s________ 3 B-j-k-y-j- s-u-s-j-r 3 ---------------------- BljekIygje shuashjer 3
I was talking on the phone all the time. Сэ ---э- -ел---ны---э ---ущ-I--ты--. С_ р____ т___________ с_____________ С- р-н-у т-л-ф-н-м-I- с-г-щ-I-щ-ы-ъ- ------------------------------------ Сэ ренэу телефонымкIэ сыгущыIэщтыгъ. 0
telef--ym--j---u-hh---en t____________ g_________ t-l-f-n-m-I-e g-s-h-I-e- ------------------------ telefonymkIje gushhyIjen
to ask к--у-чI-н к________ к-э-п-I-н --------- кIэупчIэн 0
t-l-f-n-m---e -u-hhy--en t____________ g_________ t-l-f-n-m-I-e g-s-h-I-e- ------------------------ telefonymkIje gushhyIjen
I asked. Сэ --кI-у--Iагъ. С_ с____________ С- с-к-э-п-I-г-. ---------------- Сэ сыкIэупчIагъ. 0
te--f-n-mkI-- -u-hh-Ijen t____________ g_________ t-l-f-n-m-I-e g-s-h-I-e- ------------------------ telefonymkIje gushhyIjen
I always asked. Сэ---н-у----Iэ--ч-эщтыгъ. С_ р____ с_______________ С- р-н-у с-к-э-п-I-щ-ы-ъ- ------------------------- Сэ ренэу сыкIэупчIэщтыгъ. 0
Sje telef-----Ij---yteu-g. S__ t____________ s_______ S-e t-l-f-n-m-I-e s-t-u-g- -------------------------- Sje telefonymkIje syteuag.
to narrate къэIо--н к_______ к-э-о-э- -------- къэIотэн 0
S-----lefonym---- s-te---. S__ t____________ s_______ S-e t-l-f-n-m-I-e s-t-u-g- -------------------------- Sje telefonymkIje syteuag.
I narrated. Сэ к-эсI-----. С_ к__________ С- к-э-I-т-г-. -------------- Сэ къэсIотагъ. 0
S-- -elefo-y----- -y--ua-. S__ t____________ s_______ S-e t-l-f-n-m-I-e s-t-u-g- -------------------------- Sje telefonymkIje syteuag.
I narrated the whole story. Сэ --эба-ыр зэк-- къэ-I-таг-. С_ к_______ з____ к__________ С- к-э-а-ы- з-к-э к-э-I-т-г-. ----------------------------- Сэ къэбарыр зэкIэ къэсIотагъ. 0
Sj- r-nj-- ---e--ny--Ij--sy----h-Ije--htyg. S__ r_____ t____________ s_________________ S-e r-n-e- t-l-f-n-m-I-e s-g-s-h-I-e-h-t-g- ------------------------------------------- Sje renjeu telefonymkIje sygushhyIjeshhtyg.
to study зэгъ--Iэн з________ з-г-э-I-н --------- зэгъэшIэн 0
S---r-nje--te----------- --g----y-je-h-t--. S__ r_____ t____________ s_________________ S-e r-n-e- t-l-f-n-m-I-e s-g-s-h-I-e-h-t-g- ------------------------------------------- Sje renjeu telefonymkIje sygushhyIjeshhtyg.
I studied. Сэ -э---э-Iагъ-. С_ з____________ С- з-з-ъ-ш-а-ъ-. ---------------- Сэ зэзгъэшIагъэ. 0
S-e --njeu --le--ny--I-e sy-u--hyI----h---. S__ r_____ t____________ s_________________ S-e r-n-e- t-l-f-n-m-I-e s-g-s-h-I-e-h-t-g- ------------------------------------------- Sje renjeu telefonymkIje sygushhyIjeshhtyg.
I studied the whole evening. С--п-ы----реным зэ---эшI-г-э. С_ п_____ р____ з____________ С- п-ы-ь- р-н-м з-з-ъ-ш-а-ъ-. ----------------------------- Сэ пчыхьэ реным зэзгъэшIагъэ. 0
kIjeup-h-j-n k___________ k-j-u-c-I-e- ------------ kIjeupchIjen
to work Iоф -Iэ-----э-ь-н I__ ш___ / л_____ I-ф ш-э- / л-ж-э- ----------------- Iоф шIэн / лэжьэн 0
kIj-upchIjen k___________ k-j-u-c-I-e- ------------ kIjeupchIjen
I worked. С---оф ---а--э. С_ I__ с_______ С- I-ф с-I-г-э- --------------- Сэ Iоф сшIагъэ. 0
k----p---j-n k___________ k-j-u-c-I-e- ------------ kIjeupchIjen
I worked all day long. С- ---- р-ны- -о--------э С_ м___ р____ I__ с______ С- м-ф- р-н-м I-ф с-I-г-э ------------------------- Сэ мэфэ реным Iоф сшIагъэ 0
S-- s-kIje-p-hI--. S__ s_____________ S-e s-k-j-u-c-I-g- ------------------ Sje sykIjeupchIag.
to eat ш-эн ш___ ш-э- ---- шхэн 0
Sj------j--p-hIa-. S__ s_____________ S-e s-k-j-u-c-I-g- ------------------ Sje sykIjeupchIag.
I ate. С---ы-ха--. С_ с_______ С- с-ш-а-ъ- ----------- Сэ сышхагъ. 0
S-e--y-I-eupchIag. S__ s_____________ S-e s-k-j-u-c-I-g- ------------------ Sje sykIjeupchIag.
I ate all the food. С- ------и-с-х-г-э. С_ з______ с_______ С- з-к-э-и с-х-г-э- ------------------- Сэ зэкIэри сшхыгъэ. 0
Sj- ren-----y-Ij----h----hh-y-. S__ r_____ s___________________ S-e r-n-e- s-k-j-u-c-I-e-h-t-g- ------------------------------- Sje renjeu sykIjeupchIjeshhtyg.

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The history of linguistics

Languages have always fascinated mankind. The history of linguistics is therefore very long. Linguistics is the systematic study of language. Even thousands of years ago people contemplated language. In doing so, different cultures developed different systems. As a result, different descriptions of languages emerged. Today's linguistics are based on ancient theories more than anything else. Many traditions were established in Greece in particular. The oldest known work about language comes from India, however. It was written 3,000 years ago by the grammarian Sakatayana. In ancient times, philosophers like Plato busied themselves with languages. Later, Roman authors developed their theories further. Arabians, too, developed their own traditions in the 8th century. Even then, their works show precise descriptions of the Arabian language. In modern times, man particularly wanted to research where language comes from. Scholars were especially interested in the history of language. In the 18th century, people started to compare languages with each other. They wanted to understand how languages develop. Later they concentrated on languages as a system. The question of how languages function was the focal point. Today, a great number of schools of thought exist within linguistics. Many new disciplines have developed since the fifties. These were in part strongly influenced by other sciences. Examples are psycholinguistics or intercultural communication. The newer linguistic schools of thought are very specialized. One example of this is feminist linguistics. So the history of linguistics continues… As long as there are languages, man will contemplate them!